Učinkovite strategije učenja (https://www.nctq.org/dmsView/Learning_About_Learning_Report)
Sprejemanje novih informacij:
Upoštevanje grafičnih elementov in besed.
Mladi ali stari vsi sprejemamo informacije po dveh glavnih poteh - z besedami ali sliko. Učenje učencev se poveča, če učitelji novo snov posredujejo z obema načinoma.
Povezovanje abstraktnih pojmov s konkretnimi predstavitvami.
Učitelji morajo predstaviti oprijemljive primere, ki osvetljujejo krovne ideje, in tudi pojasniti, kako ti primeri so primeri in velike ideje povezani.
Povezevonje informacij oz. poglabljane znanja:
Postavljanje primernih vprašanj.
Vprašanja naj bodo odprta ("zakaj", "kako", "kaj če","kako veš"), odsevna ( kako vidiš..., kako razmišljaš, kaj bi ti naredil), z več izbirami katerim sledijo vprašanja za pojasnitev,
Učeči morajo pojasniti svoje znanje.
Ponavljajoče se menjavanje problemov z navedenimi rešitvami s problemov, ki jih morajo učenci rešiti.
Razlage, ki spremljajo rešene probleme, pomagajo učencem razumeti temeljna načela in jih popeljejo v mehaniko reševanja problemov.
Utrditev oz. utrjevanje znanja
Razdelitev prakse.
Učenci bi morali snov po učenju večkrat vaditi, pri čemer bi morala biti vsaka vaja ali pregled ločena z tedni in celo meseci.
Ocenjevanje za spodbujanje ohranjanja znanja.
Poleg vrednosti formativnega ocenjevanja (ki učitelju pomaga pri odločanju, kaj naj uči) in sumativnega ocenjevanja (za ugotoviti, kaj so se učenci naučili), je ocenjevanje, ki od učencev zahteva, da se spomnijo gradiva, pomoč pri "utrjevanju" informacij.
Originalno besedilo v angleščini
What are the six strategies that work?
The first two help students take in new information:
1. Pairing graphics with words.
Young or old, all of us receive information through two primary pathways — words and graphic or pictorial
representations. Student learning increases when teachers convey new material through both.
2. Linking abstract concepts with concrete representations.
Teachers should present tangible examples that illuminate overarching ideas and also explain how the examples
and big ideas connect.
The second two ensure that students connect information to deepen their understanding:
3. Posing probing questions.
Asking students “why,” “how,” “what if,” and “how do you know” requires them to clarify and link their knowledge
of key ideas.
4. Repeatedly alternating problems with their solutions provided and problems that students must solve.
Explanations accompanying solved problems help students comprehend underlying principles, taking them beyond
the mechanics of problem solving.
The final two help students remember what they learned:
5. Distributing practice.
Students should practice material several times after learning it, with each practice or review separated by
weeks and even months.
6. Assessing to boost retention.
Beyond the value of formative assessment (to help a teacher decide what to teach) and summative assessment (to
determine what students have learned), assessments that require students to recall material help information “stick.”